The History of Cosmetics and the Trends in the Fashion...

This research paper will discuss some of the history of cosmetics and new trends and types of cosmetics in the fashion industry and different types of hair extensions. Would you ever guess that film makeup started back when there was black and white movies? One type of cosmetic in the fashion industry would be eyelash extensions, or fake eyelashes. Eyelash extensions have been around since 1916 , but recently have become a trend. The first fake eyelashes were made of human hair and were made for an actress to wear in a movie. Fake eyelashes can be made from human hair or from synthetic materials. There are two different kinds of fake eyelashes. There are temporary and eyelash extensions, The main difference is that the adhesive or glue,†¦show more content†¦Corrective makeup can also be used to enhance good features of the face or body. When planning on doing corrective makeup you need the right supplies. For corrective makeup you should always have lip lining pencils, different shades of foundations and concealers, different color eye shadows , and translucent powders. When doing corrective makeup it is always important to know what to pay close attention to when working with different areas of the face. When working with eyes , decide whether the eyes are set close together or far apart ,and if they are wide or narrow ,and depending on the color of the eyes what color eye shadow you should use. For eyebrows, always take into mind what face shape the person has. A high arched eyebrow could make a long face appear longer. While working in different areas you always have to pay close attention on what colors and techniques you shouldnt use. Corrective makeup makes many women ,and men feel better about things they dont like about themselves. Instead of getting plastic surgery , people can learn to enhance or hide the parts of their face that they are not completely happy with. The biggest and most creative form of makeup would be Special effects makeup. Special effects makeup is used mainly in film , movies , modeling and theatre. The first use of special effects makeup wasShow MoreRelatedThe Global Beauty Industry Value Being Estimated Around Us $ 265 Billion1987 Words   |  8 PagesWith the global beaut y industry value being estimated around US$265 billion by 2017, it is evident that the cosmetic industry is a successful one. Hence, this paper will focus on the elements that have shaped the personal grooming industry, into what it is today. The evolution of the cosmetic industry will be highlighted. Furthermore, the estimated revenues made as of 2015, will be underscored to show this industry’s market values and statistical diagrams will be used to represent the most relevantRead MoreWar, And Fashion Magazines1286 Words   |  6 Pagesmakeup at all. The 20th century changed dramatically due to the silent films, war, and fashion magazines. I will give you a brief description of each decade of the 20th century up to the 21st century. I. 20th century 1920’s The 1920’s cosmetics was now used in greater abundance than ever before. It was the most daring decade of cosmetics due to the dramatic and bold vamp and flapper look of silent films and fashion magazines. Silent films was a powerful style leader of the vamp look which was accidentalRead MoreThe Georgian Era ( 1714-1830 ) Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe Georgian Era (1714-1830) Reigns of George I,II, III, IV. Fashion for high society was very haute couture, with dresses of silk and satin – however, personal hygiene took a backseat as it was not as high a priority as physical appearance. Women rarely bathed, body odours were disguised by aromatic toilet waters, and they wore or carried with them scent bottles of perfumes. Pale skin in this era was also still desirable. Hair was elaborately dressed, held in place with waxes and fats, usuallyRead MoreThe Historical Record Of Makeup1625 Words   |  7 PagesBeauty was considered as important in Ancient time as it is today. People might have had never thought of the significance of it in ancient time and assumes it to be a trend of a 20th century. Women have had always looked for ways to enhance their beauty which is why makeup was invented in Ancient times back in 3100BC and is being used more commonly today than ever before. Makeup has gone through many changes and improvement itself to make it easier and safer for its users. I will discuss on howRead MoreAnalysis Of Here s The Heart Of The Matter 1664 Words   |  7 Pagesmedia has truly impacted the beauty industry. The beauty industry has grown over the years and this past year has enormously increased. Due to social media growth, it has influenced the beauty industry to change its concepts of beauty today. Social media has helped the beauty industry enormously to spread out some of the most popular trends of today. First, baking has been used for many years in the drag community but it has become a must in the cosmetic industry. Baking is used in the under eye areaRead MoreEssay on Ulta Beauty: the Journey and Investment1058 Words   |  5 PagesInvestment Before ULTA entered the beauty market in 1990, a woman would have to go to multiple stores to find cosmetic, fragrance, and salon products. ULTA has become a woman’s one-stop-beauty department store, they house everything from brands such as Revlon to Està ©e Lauder, products such as nail polish to specialty shampoos, and they even offer makeup and hair services. In this industry of beauty there are many competitors and companies must stay ahead of their competition, ULTA has done this andRead MoreThe History of Cosmetics1400 Words   |  6 Pagesfew of the reasons Americans are obsessed with cosmetics. The cosmetic industry has become a multi-billion dollar industry in the United States. Although cosmetics and treatments have changed over the centuries, the purpose remains the same- to improve and enhance our appearance. Cosmetics not only provide us with more beautiful features, flawless skin, and less wrinkles, they have become a part of who we are. The practice of makeup and cosmetic application first originated in the era of the AncientRead MoreLuxury Industry in France1655 Words   |  7 PagesLuxury industry in France    Luxury is artificial definition and cannot be easily transferred into real life. It is a notion of anything that is useless and superfluous in real life. However, it can be often associated with beauty (art, entertainment, design, dà ©cor or trend) and remains one of the driving forces behind society’s spending. It is true that luxury speaks and renown’s itself by big spending and indeed, outlandish expenditure is often associated with it. The world luxury market is worthRead MoreCosmetology : Old Of The New1141 Words   |  5 PagesIV 15 September 2014 Cosmetology: Old to the New Has anyone ever noticed the wackiest or unrealistic makeup, and hair styles that people have, and wondered if they looked in the mirror before they left their house in the morning? Every modern day trend is reflecting back on the stylish ways of the era. Today’s hair and makeup styles generated from years ago and have come back but with a modern twist! Where did cosmetology begin? What advances where made throughout the decades in chemical and technologicalRead MoreMarketing -Chanel1407 Words   |  6 Pagescalled Bourjois. Bourjois successfully introduced dry rough to the European market in the 1890’s. The company grew rapidly, and by the early 1920’s Bourjois had begun making and distributing skin creams from his Rochester, New York, plant for cosmetic industry giant Helena Rubenstein. Through the Wertheimer family would control the finances of Chanel from its inception, the impetus and creative vision for the company came from Coco Chanel. Theophile Bade r, founder of the successful French department

Twelve Angry Men - American Legal Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 827 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: 12 Angry Men Essay Film Analysis Essay Justice Essay Did you like this example? The story I chose was 12 Angry Men by Reginald Rose written in 1957. Twelve men were picked to sit on a jury for a murder trial. The accused was an 18-year-old boy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Twelve Angry Men American Legal Justice System" essay for you Create order He was on trial for murdering his father. If he is convicted, hell receive a death sentence. This sets the tone for the Play. Bothered by the heat making the room uncomfortable, the jurors had to cast a preliminary vote which came out to eleven guilty and one not guilty. Juror Eight was the only person to vot not guilty and demanded that they discussed the case further. Juror Eight began to question the prosecutions arguments. The knife was originally was thought to be a unique knife and narrowed it down to the accused. He argued that the knife was a common knife and that anyone couldve had that style knife and killed his father. This was explained by the following text in the play: (EIGHT reaches casually into his pocket and withdraws an object. No one notices this. He stands up quietly.) FOUR. Arent you trying to make us accept a pretty incredible coincidence? EIGHT. Im not trying to make anyone accept it. Im just saying its possible. THREE (shouting). And Im saying its not possible. (EIGHT swiftly flicks open the blade of the switch-knife and quickly jams it into the table next to the first one. They are exactly alike. There are several gasps and everyone stares at the knife. There is a long silence.) THREE (slowly, amazed). What are you trying to do? TEN (loud). Yeah, what is this? Who do you think you are? FIVE. Look at it! Its the same knife! (Rose) He also distinguished that the downstairs neighbor that witnessed the murder was not likely to have seen what they said they saw. Slowly, through juror 8s reasoning, the other jurors started changing their votes. It seemed like it was going to be a hung jury, but Juror Eights arguments was successful in changing the other jurors minds. The last one to hold out, Juror Three, finally changed his vote to not guilty at the end. The boy was acquitted of all charges. Twelve Angry Men was a glimpse of the American legal justice system during the era that if was filmed. Screenwriter Reginald Rose saw American society as crumbling amongst itself, and 12 Angry Men stands as a warning to Americans: remember your responsibilities, stay unified, and be understanding with one another, or the nation will fall. By the end, the film is not about whether or not the accused man was guilty or innocent its about whether or not these 12 diverse men with individual prejudices and personalities can figure out how to work together and come to a decision. (Saporito). We found eleven men, persuaded by prejudices, personal experiences, and impractical thinking, tested by one man who held himself and the other jurors to a higher standard of justice. He commanded that this disregarded member of society be given a fair trial and his due process. We saw the jurors struggle between the responsibility to punish the guilty and to protect the innocent. It proved that the log ic behind the justice system does work. The play also spoke about how America was a melting pot of different cultures, concepts, opinions, and personalities. This jury included a German immigrant watchmaker to an affluent broker to a nurse at a hospital. These men characterized the diversity in America and the many challenges that it presented. This battle became a vital part of the war within the play. Rose expressed this by making the jury room hot with the AC or fan not working to represent their hot tempers. But as the story went on, the tempers cooled as the rain and the finding of a fan in the seemed to cool off the room and they can think more reasonably. Another thing I found interesting is that throughout the play, no names are used. You never hear the names of the jurors, anyone involved in the case, or even the witnesses. The lack of names given in the play was a reminder that its not the single person that matters in a jury. Its the jury and its part in the judicial process. The defendant is mentioned as either defendant, accused, or boy. The witnesses are called the downstairs neighbor or the old man. There was no suggestions of time and place, except that it happened in the summer. I believe that it was with the expectation that anyone reading it will reflect on the bigger picture and not on the characters themselves. A reader may think that this somehow takes away from the characters personalities or the audiences ability to relate to them. To the contrary, the unnamed men who are tasked with the fate of a young man could be your father, husband, son, or grandfather and every personality type is portrayed in this fascinating p sychological drama. (Bradford)

After the Black Death in Europe, It Is Time for a New...

Late fifteenth century and early sixteenth century Europe are classified by a time of change and the start to new beginnings. The Black Death left all of Europe in shambles and in a state of extreme disorder. The population decreased dramatically and the economic, social and political state was extremely hindered. Through the reformation and renaissance Europe finally began to somewhat recover from this catastrophe. This time of change became a cultural movement all across Europe that began to reform and mend the problems that the people were dealing with. Social changes were made regarding the hierarchy in society. Political changes were made regarding the ruling of the city-states. And economic changes were made regarding available jobs†¦show more content†¦All these things seemed to be positive changes, but these were positive changes for the rich, the poor had a different experience during this time of change. Because of the shift in production and need for workers peasa nts were forced off their land and resorted to begging and wandering around asking for food or even resorting to theft. Crime became a very serious problem that many did not know how to deal with. In More’s novel Utopia there is a conversation between Hythloday and Cardinal Morton, chancellor to Henry VII, and in this conversation they argued about the â€Å"right† way to deal with the crime of theft. More believed that, â€Å"unless their crime was accompanied by violence, thieves, are neither imprisoned nor shackled but are employed, free and unconstrained, in doing public works† (More 38). Unlike the capital punishment practiced in England, More believed that thefts should taken as petty crimes and punished accordingly which is what he demonstrated in the Utopian society. This is just one instance where Utopia fixes a problem that is occurring in Europe. During the late fifteenth century and early sixteenth century many economic changes took place as w ell that had a major impact on Europe as a whole. To start, the population had dropped dramatically after the Black Death and as the renaissance developed the population increased greatly.Show MoreRelatedThe Black Death Of Europe1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfound regarding the history of the Black Death in Europe. It incorporates the beginning of the plague, the way that it spread, and the toll it took on Europe’s population. It answers questions concerning the context of my topic, the importance of subject at hand, as well as the affects it had on the society during and after this tragedy. Concluding this paper answers the final question of why people should know about this subject in the first place. The Black Death was single handedly one of the worstRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague975 Words   |  4 Pagesknown as the Black Death, was a severe outbreak of disease that spread in Europe in the 14th century from 1346-1353. The disease spread faster then originally expected of killing only twenty or thirty percent but killed 60 percent of Europe s population ( Benedictow). It is believed the population of Europe was around eighty million and that would add up to be fifty million deaths. It was a horrific death for one to experience and can still be found in the world today. The Black Death was a tragicRead MoreThe Black Plague Of Middle Ages1257 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle Aged Europe was an expansive period of time and marked the beginning of the Renaissance. A period of time in which reformation of important social aspects such as religion, education, and the arts was active and advancing at a rapid rate. Significance of intellectual inquiry and the belief in the huma n mind helped shape many new philosophical ideas and theories that would be spoken about for hundreds of years. This increasingly advanced period of time was quickly halted around the middle ofRead MoreThe Black Death Pandemic967 Words   |  4 Pages The Black Death: A Murderous Pandemic that Led Life to How it is Today The Black Death, a horrible pandemic plague that spread through all of Europe, taking 25,000,000 people along with it. In 1347, a mysterious pandemic appeared in the city-states of Italy just as Europe was recovering from famine. The Epidemic did not end until 1351 partly due to the belief of the people that this plague was spread through the air and was gods way of punishing them for their sins. Although this plague killedRead MoreThe Dark Ages Of Europe1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe Dark Ages of Europe is one of the most known horrible times recorded in human history. When Rome finally crumbled it was a devastating time, it lead to the worst time period that Europe has ever seen; full of disease and poverty. It started in 410 A.D and ended in 1200 A.D. During this time people would rather die a horrible death than to actually live through this time. Terrifying Vikings tore through the continent along with cruel Knights. Barbarians ravaged through what was first the amazingRead More The Black Plague in Great Britain838 Words   |  3 PagesEra was a time of knights and castles, royals and peasants, plague and famine, war and death. In the 1300’s a devastating plague swept across of most of Europe and Asia. It killed millions of people. Upon reaching Britain it killed over one-third the population. The Black Death, in only a few years, had left a permanent mark on Britain, its economy, the feudalism system and its culture through the cause of the major population decline in the 14th century. The Black Plague or Black Death is believedRead MorePositive and Negative Results of The Black Plague847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Black Plague, perhaps one of the worst epidemics in history, swept its evil across Europe in the middle of the 14th century, killing an estimated 20 million people. This major population shift, along with other disasters occurring at the time, such as famine and an already existing economic recession, plunged Europe into a dark period of complete turmoil. Anarchy, psychological breakdowns, and the dissipation of church power were some of the results. As time passed, however, society managed toRead MoreThe Economic, Political, and Social Effects of the Black Death1268 Words   |  6 Pages1351 in Europe. This massive destruction of human life was known as the Black Death. This Black Death was an ecological disaster on a global scale. The effects of the plague on human and certain animal populations from East Asia to as far west as Greenland were catastro phic. All facets of society, from peasant to king were affected; no one was safe. All of society was affected; nothing would ever be the same. Thus, there were many economic, social, and political effects of the Black Death. BeforeRead MoreThe Black Death Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesfalling down. The nursery rhyme refers to the Black Death, one of the worst plagues of all time (Schladweller). Known as infectious diseases that spread quickly and kill countless people, plagues have had a tremendous affect on people around the world since the beginning of time. The Black Death, also known as the bubonic plague, is a contagious bacterial infection that has killed millions of people. With the bubonic plague brutally killing one fourth of Europe in the 14th century and devastating ChinaRead MoreThe Black Plague : New York : The Free Pass 19831290 Words   |  6 Pages The Black Plague BY: Kevin Arellano World History,Per.7,Mrs.Sutherland April 24,2015 Works Cited 1.)Robert S. Gottfried. The Black Plague. New York :The Free Pass 1983 2.)The Black Death. AE .Television Networks.1979 3.)Don Nardo. The Black Death.Minneapoles.2011 4.)Sheri Johnson.The Medieval Plague.Minnesota 5.)Stephen Person. Bubonic Plague, The Black Plague. New York Introduction/Origin Do you know what The Black Plague was, it was a horrible disease that people

Drug Trafficking - 1134 Words

The international drug trade from Latin American states is having an impact on a global scale. The trafficking of drugs along with corruptness and murder is an international conflict that is being fought daily. There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. It can be hard to differentiate between conflict and issue in regards to Latin America’s drug war and International Relations. The Mexican drug war is a global issue because it interferes with the states ability to collaborate and form policy in order to address the issues between international borders.†¦show more content†¦Now, drug trafficking has been taken to the world stage. In regards to the Mexican drug cartels the United States is working with Mexican interdiction efforts, establishing corruption resistant court systems and polic e agencies, in order to help fight off a security threat to the United States. (Meyer 2009) With the United States being a hegemonic power, one state holding a preponderance of power in the international system allowing it to dominate the rules and arrangements in international political and economic decisions are made power in the world, they have imposed states with certain conditions/standards in order to receive aid. Mexico has frequently stated that the Untied States is acting unilaterally and violating their sovereignty. Sovereignty is the idea that each state has the right to do whatever it desires within its own territory. Another reason that this conflict is being targeted by different government organizations is that terrorists have become involved in the drug trade. The United States is concerned that due to the weakened budget from the efforts of the war on terror and the war on drugs its borders are becoming available to the smuggling of terrorists. (Levin 2010) With th e passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement, signed by the United States, Canada, and Mexico that allows for the trade of goods with little or no tariffs or trade restrictions, concerns were raised asShow MoreRelatedAssesment of Drug Trafficking Example1058 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment of Human Trafficking Cole Bootz Arizona State University Abstract Assessing the crime of Human Trafficking over the Arizona border from Mexico there were a lot of effective methods and non-effective methods used when trying to prevent human trafficking. It was most commonly found in my research, there were more ineffective methods than effective ones. During the assessment I continually focus on the more positive ways to combat human trafficking because of the significant impactRead MoreMexican Trafficking And Drug Trafficking1341 Words   |  6 Pagesmurders, prostitution, drug dealing, extortion, human trafficking, gun trafficking, drug trafficking, car thief, and cartels wars. Have you ever been a victim of any of this crimes listed above in Mexico? Sadly most people who lived in Mexico tend to be victims of a crime. In Mexico 1 out of every 8,300 people are violently murdered. Most murder rates are in the borders near the United States. However the murder rate has gone down in most places. In the other hand drug trafficking and kidnapping has Read MoreDrug Trafficking Organizations And Drugs1296 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Trafficking Organizations â€Å"Imagine living in a place where you can kill anyone you wish and nothing happens except that they fall dead† (Morris 216). With drug trafficking organizations people in Mexico live in a world where this is part of their everyday lives. More than 16,600 deaths were attributed to drug trafficking in 2011 (Schedler 6). People live in a world like the Wild West where there seems to be no social control. This is a problem because innocent people are losing their lives overRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Smuggling Drugs1246 Words   |  5 PagesSmuggling Drugs in Airports Over the recent past, there has been major growth in illegal trafficking of humans, firearms and most importantly drugs (UN, 2012). These kinds of trafficking are characterized by greater organisation levels. They are also denoted by the presence of criminal groups and chains. Though these activities are not new, both the geographic area and scale of the present problem is unprecedented. The value of illegal trade in 2009 throughout the world was about $1.3 trillion (JennerRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Trafficking1669 Words   |  7 Pagessome goods such as food, but restricting others like illegal immigration and drug trafficking. The US has been trying to stop drug smugglers and illegal immigration by setting some policies. When Salinas became the president of Mexico, his number one priority was to stop drug trafficking and smuggling it into the US so both countries could sit and talk about NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). Drug trafficking was and still is the number on e problem in Mexico. â€Å"During Salina’s six-year termRead MoreChildren in Drug Trafficking903 Words   |  4 PagesChildren In Drug Trafficking Child Forced Labor in Brazil is modern-day slavery. Worst forms of child labour in 19 countries and one border area. Investigations for these have been made through rapid assessment prepared jointly by ILO/UNICEF. â€Å"International Labour Organization (ILO) through the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) and the Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour (SIMPOC), has made a major commitment to the elimination of theRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Trafficking10787 Words   |  44 Pagesng in the United States Drug trafficking is the worldwide illegitimate trade, which involve the cultivating, producing, distributing and the selling of materials that are subject to the drug proscription laws. There are a number of drugs which are trafficked into the United States. These include, but are not limited to heroin, marijuana and cocaine. The system of drug trafficking in the United States as well as in other countries and continents remains very complex. Although the government and non-governmentRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Use And Trafficking843 Words   |  4 Pagesthe problem of drug use and trafficking and the multiple possibilities of solving this issue) It has come to my attention that a certain issue needs to be addressed and if this issue continues to grow then this town could see some serious changes and people could find themselves in serious dilemmas. The issue I am addressing is drug use and trafficking that has been known of for many years. Due to the fact that the least bit of attention has been brought upon drug trafficking it has begun toRead MoreThe Involvement Of International Drug Trafficking997 Words   |  4 PagesThe CIA wanted to stop drug trafficking, and out an end to it, when there was money involved it was a different story, the Cia thought to keep this on the low would be a good idea, they ended up thinking wrong, it’s a conspiracy gone wrong, they believed that by selling drugs, they can make a lot more money, they knew it was a bad thing to do, but business is business, they had to do what had to be done, this conspiracy that they did backfired on them dramatically, it cost them innocent lives all Read MoreDrugs And Illegal Possession And Trafficking1409 Words   |  6 PagesBelieve it or not, drugs have been around for thousands of years. In the medical field, drugs are any type of medicine (or other substance), which has a physiological effect when it is ingested or otherwise introduced into the body. Drugs can produce both harmful and beneficial effects once it is consumed and, â€Å"decisions about when and how to use them therapeutically always involve balancing the benefits and risks† (Rang 1). Drugs approved for human use are available through prescription and can

Global Health Free Essays

This is a reaction essay to Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak retrieved from According to A. D. A. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now M. Medical Encyclopedia,â€Å"Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria releases a toxin that causes increased release of water from cells in the intestines, which produces severe diarrhea (National Institute of Health ,U. S. National Library of Medicine – The World’s Largest Medical Library,A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia, May 30th 2012). † If left untreated, it can kill within hours and almost eighty percent of cases can be successfully treated with oral rehydration salts. People get infected by eating or drinking contaminated food and water and it usually manifests in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine like Africa, Asia, India, Mexico and South and Central America. The availability of safe drinking water and proper sanitation is critical in reducing the impact of cholera and other waterborne diseases. Oral cholera vaccine also reduces the risk of death by fifty percent . Sierra Leone, a West African country that has been ravaged by wars for years , experienced the worst Cholera outbreak in fifteen years. As of september 19th of this year, 19000 cases and 274 deaths have been reported. It was unusual for the Cholera outbreaks to occur in February , the middle of the dry season because most cholera outbreaks take place in the rainy season. At the onset of the cholera outbreak, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation, WHO , UNICEF and Medecins Sans Frontieres-Belgium worked together to detect, confirm ,treat and prevent the cholera outbreak . But when it started raining in June, cholera spread rapidly and by August, 2000 cases were reported per week. The Ministry of Health and Sanitation have also set up a network for all health centres to report daily cases of outbreaks and have been working with WHO and partners in spreading messages about safe drinking water, hand washing and food preparation. WHO has also brought in additional experts in epidemiology, surveillance, logistics, social mobilization, water and sanitation from other WHO country offices and set up a ‘ Cholera command and control centre’. Inspite of all these efforts, there is a severe shortage of oral rehydration salts and they are expecting 32 000 cases in this outbreak. * ————————————————- â€Å"? The health of a country is often based on infant and mother morbidity and mortality rates (GCH-205-DL2, Module 4, Lauren Savaglio). † In 2007, Sierra Leone had the highest level of child mortality in the world. Maternal mortality is also one of the highest in the world. One in eight women risk dying during pregnancy and childbirth. The infant mortality rate of Sierra Leone is 123 deaths per 1000 live births in 2009 . Babies born in Sierra Leone in 2005 had a life expectancy of only 38 years. So it can be said that public health is generally poor in Sierra Leone. â€Å"Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and causes of health and illness in populations (Jacobsen,p. 7). † In the case of the cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone, the infections started in the western area of the country where the capital, Freetown, is located. Cholera outbreaks usually occur in the rainy season but the outbreak in Sierra Leone started in February which is in the middle of the dry month. According to World Health Organization, â€Å" Cholera is an extremely virulent disease. It affects both children and adults and can kill within hours. About 75% of people infected with V. cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 7–14 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people. Among people who develop symptoms, 80% have mild or moderate symptoms, while around 20% develop acute watery diarrhoea with severe dehydration. This can lead to death if untreated. People with low immunity – such as malnourished children or people living with HIV – are at a greater risk of death if infected (National Institute of health ,U. S. National Library of Medicine – The World’s Largest Medical Library,A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia, May 30th 2012). † Therefore the risk factors of transmission of Cholera in a developing country like Sierra Leone is very high since there is no adequate environmental management and no minimum requirements for clean drinking water and sanitation. Like Jacobsen states in the textbook, Introduction to Global Health, â€Å"†¦ eep in mind socioeconomic, political, behavioral, and environmental risk factors that contribute to creating the context in which the disease occurs(Jacobsen,p. 13). † * ————————————————- Since cholera causes dehydration, the disease is treated usi ng oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is basically a solution made with water, sugar and salts. They can be bought as prepackaged mixtures or can also be made at home by combining clean, boiled 1 litre of water with 8 teaspoons of sugar and 1 teaspoon of salt. But sometimes, severe cases of cholera require intravenous fluid replacement. Antibiotics can shorten illness, but should still be used in combination with the Oral Rehydration Therapy. The most basic way of preventing cholera is making sure communities prone to these epidemics have access to clean water and proper sanitation . Communities should also be educated about the importance of proper hygiene like hand-washing with soap after using the restroom and before cooking or eating . They should also be educated about safe handling , preparation and storage of food . Media such as radio, television or newspapers and even community and religious leaders can also be effective in spreading health education messages. And at times, early detection of the outbreak and timely provisions of treatment , like in the Sierra Leone case, is also necessary to reduce the number of deaths. * ————————————————- I think, at the onset of the outbreak, Sierra Leone’s Ministry of Health and Sanitation did a great job in working with the government and other health sectors to confirm the outbreak of the disease even though the country has very few resources and capacity. With the help of WHO, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation and partners including UNICEF and Medecins Sans Frontieres-Belgium was also able to detect, treat and prevent the spread of cholera. They also set up a â€Å" cholera command and control centre† and trained health workers in cholera treatment and prevention. They were successful in reducing the number of outbreaks to fewer than 40 per week but when the rainy season started in June, the epidemic spread rapidly to other districts and the number of cases arose to 2000 per week. But it should be noted that in Freetown, where the first outbreak occurred, there has been ignificant reduction of cases. WHO’s Representative in Sierra Leone, Dr Wondimagegnehu Alemu, states that many villages affected by the epidemic still face a shortage of Oral Rehydration Therapy solution, the most effective and life saving treatment for an outbreak like this. The cholera epidemic in Sierra Leone made me realize how health inequalities does exist between the poor and rich population and how â€Å" even with improved prevention and therapeutic techniques, infectious diseases continue to be health risk in all populations (Jacobsen,p. 1). † It is also evident that the Socioeconomic status (SES) of Sierra Leone has played a major role in the cause and prevention of this cholera epidemic. Like Dr. Alemu mentioned in the article, an outbreak like this is a â€Å"major crisis for a country with a fragile health system recovering from several years of conflict (Health topics:Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak; World Health Organization, September 2012). But looking at the bright side, Dr Eugene Lam, epidemic intelligence service officer from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) working for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative,states that â€Å" Messages about safe drinking water, hand washing and food preparation will not only reduce the cholera infections but also reduce a ll diarrhoeal disease, a big killer of children under-five in Sierra Leone (Health topics:Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak; World Health Organization, September 2012). Jacobsen states in the preface to the textbook â€Å" If health is a human right, then basic health care and protection from preventable diseases should be available to all people , regardless of the condition that have made them vulnerable to illness, disability, and premature death (Jacobsen,preface xi). † I only hope one day by working together as a global community , we can make sure every single human being, irrespective of their socioeconomic status , can achieve a â€Å"state of complete physical, mental and social well- being (Jacobsen)†. * ————————————————- —————————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- * ————————————————- References: * ————————————————- Health topics:Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak; World Health Organization, September 2012. Retrieved from http://www. who. int/features/2012/cholera_sierra_leone/en/index. html on September 30th,2012. * ————————————————- National Institute of health ,U. S. National Library of Medicine – The World’s Largest Medical Library,A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia, May 30th 2012 . Retrieved from www. ncbi. nlm. nih. ov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001348/ on September 30th,2012 * ——————————— —————- * ————————————————- Health statistics of Sierra Leone;World Health Organization,2012. Retrieved from http://www. who. int/countries/sle/en/index. html on september 30th, 2012 . * ————————————————- * ————————————————- Introduction to Global Health, Kathryn H. Jacobsen . * ————————————————- * ————————————————- GCH-205-DL2 (FALL 2012), Module 4, Lauren Savaglio. How to cite Global Health, Essay examples

Students Deal with Stress free essay sample

Everyone has personal stressors that drive them to drinking. Freshmen have very similar and critical stressors though. Home sickness, studies, lack or loss of relationships are things that students deal with every day. With every stressor, there is a way to cope with it, without resorting to alcohol. For example, when students miss home they should try to make their new place just as comfortable and they should never be shy to call their parents. To deal with lost friends from moving on to university, make new friends! You can still keep in touch with past friends, but making new friends while at university is an essential part of feeling happy and relieving stress while at school. In addition, joining a club or sports team helps to make new friends and is useful as a stress reliever. For example, I joined a volleyball team, and this is a good time to get out of my place to go have some fun, and forget about school for a bit, this usually results in me avoiding drinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Students Deal with Stress or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To regards with studying, take breaks, treat yourself and remember trying hard is all you can do, so never be disappointed if you put forth an honest effort. There are several ways to avoid stress. Make new friends, go out for supper to avoid cooking or cafeteria food, call family and friends, have leisure times, join a team, don’t cram study, have effective time management so daily schedules aren’t so jam packed and stressful, these are all great ways to overcome stressors without using alcohol or drugs. This being said, drinking alcohol at high rates is detrimental to health, but drinking responsibly isn’t a bad thing to do. In my opinion, there is always room for a couple of beers on the weekend with friends. There are several ways of coping with stress. Meditation, self-talk, and therapy are all coping strategies used to release psychological stress. Coping mechanisms are better than avoiding them, because these coping techniques actually eliminates stresses on your mind, while things like sports and friends just put stress away temporarily. For example, at the beginning of the year I had my childhood dog pass away, and one of my friends pass away in a car accident. To deal with this major stressor, I chose to get therapy because it was a very hard thing to deal with by myself at university. Of course when this tragedy happened, I thought of drinking the pain away was an option, but I knew this wasn’t the best solution. Therapy worked great, it actually decreased the amount of stress I had every day and it helped me move forward with my life. Stressors are easy to overcome, find something to occupy personal time to avoid stress (sports, friends, leisure time, etc. ) or coping mechanisms to deal with them (therapy, meditation, self-talk, etc. ). Nevertheless, if these stress relievers were taught to students more, there would be less university freshmen resolving to drinking when they are stressed. University students do deal with major and minor stressors day-to-day and they can be dealt with properly rather by overusing drugs and alcohol. Thus, promotion of stress relievers would be beneficial for the student population because it would help their health, budget and success rate. In conclusion, drinking alcohol is a very unhealthy and stupid way of dealing with stress and there are several healthier and smarter ways of dealing and coping with stress. References Fahey, T. D. (2010). Fit and well, core concepts and labs in physical fitness and wellness. (2nd ed. ). Insel, P. (2012). Core concepts in health. (Canadian ed. ).